BIBLIOGRAPHY

Accelerators for America's Future | Reports. (n.d.). Retrieved October 20, 2015.

A report done by the American department of electricity. It talks about many applications of the future of particle accelerators. such as security, discovery science and medicene, etc.

Barbalat, O. (n.d.). Applications of particle accelerators - CERN. Retrieved October 20, 2015.

An analysis on the application of particle accelerators. it talks about the future of particle accelerators and how they may affect our knowledge of the universe.

CERN | Accelerating science. (n.d.). Retrieved October 20, 2015.

CERN is an European organization, where they have the largest particle accelerator on earth. the large hadron collider is a 27 km circumference circular accelerator which is being used to find the secrets of the universe.

Fermilab | Science | Particle Accelerators. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015.

Fermilab is an organization based in Chicago, Illinois. It is largest in america and the purpose of the accelerator is to find out properties of particles and matter itself. They've found many new particles and have started to piece together the the beginnings of the universe.

HEPHY: Home. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015.

The instituite of high energy physics, HEPHY for short, has information and research on the work they've done with particle accelerators. They also work on finding new particles and uses of the acceleration for theoretical physics.

Zeldovich, L. (n.d.). 10 Reasons Why You Can’t Live Without A Particle Accelerator - Issue 14:

This link informs us of the different applications of the particle accelerator. These examples may range from the mundane task of sealing milk cartons to more complicated tasks like for killing bacteria found in foods. Even more complex tasks that are included in this article include cancer treatment to a more efficient method to transport natural gas. In addition, particle accelerators are capable of performing bizarre tasks like searching for weapons of mass destruction.

Mutation - Nautilus. Retrieved October 21, 2015.

The link is about how particle accelerators can benefit society by providing better, more efficient methods of gas transportation, cancer treatments, water treatment, and even finding oil fields instead of using guess and check methods. This article is teaches the reader about the many different uses of the particle accelerator in our every day world. Particle accelerators are alot more prevelent than it seems.

Cancer research - Accelerators for Society. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5, 2015.

This link goes in depth into the different methods in which particle accelerators are used in modern cancer treatment. One of the most common of all the treatments is x-ray therapy. In this type of therapy electrons are shot towards a material like tungsten which is then directed into the cancerous tumor. Another method that is used for cancer patients with the cancerous cells close to the surface tissue is called electron beam therapy. This method shoots the electron beams straight into the patient which has less energy that the standard x-ray therapy, thus not passing through the body and causing less damage to surrounding tissue. The last example is ion, neutron, and proton therapy. Each of these methods have their own pros and cons and are used under certain circumstances.

Jha, S. (n.d.). Particle Accelerators. Retrieved November 26, 2015

This link helps us understand the impacts of particle accelerators on society and the environment. Some environmental impacts listed include the radiation produced during operation and the radioactive waste created from operation post worker safety issues, accelerators produce x-rays, which can be an external radiation hazard to those who work near an accelerator, and the radioactive waste created from the operations of the accelerator, if not disposed of properly, can cause severe damages to the surrounding ecosystem and villages (if they have not been accounted for). Luckily the social impacts are more positive as particle accelerators help revolutionize cancer treatment with scientists creating new ways to kill cancerous cells while also not harming the healthy growing cells. In addition, particle accelerators help to produce radioisotopes for medical diagnostics and treatments. Lastly particle accelerators could be used for security purposes like scanning various kinds of cargo containers and vehicles that come into a country.

Towards an alternative nuclear future | University Alliance. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2015, from http://www.unialliance.ac.uk/campaigns/problemsolved/cleaner-energy/nuclear-future/

This article talks about the significance of accelerator driven subcritical reactors. These reactors can be used to harness the powers of thorium because thorium is very abundant, unlike uranium which we will run out of. Thorium creates much more energy than uranium because it uses the power of nuclear fusion, whereas uranium uses the method called nuclear fission.